ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Cardiology and Pulmonology

Clinical Nutrition (2006) 25, 311–318 ESPEN GUIDELINES ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Cardiology $ John iano xia b Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology und Angiology, Charite´-Universita¨tsmedizin Berlin, Guideline; for the use of enteral nutrition (EN) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and ARTICLE IN PRESS http://intl.elsevierhealth.com/journals/clnu E-mail address: s.anker@cachexia.de (S.D. Anker). $$ The authors of the DGEM (German Society for Nutritional Medicine) guidelines on enteral nutrition in cardiology are 0261-5614/$-see front matter & 2006 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and

Metabolism. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2006.01.017 acknowledged for their contribution to this article. Clinical practice; Evidence-based; Enteral nutrition (EN); Tube feeding; Oral nutritional supplements chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They were developed by an interdisciplinary expert group in accordance with officially accepted standards and are based on all relevant publications since 1985. They have been discussed and accepted in a consensus conference. EN by means of oral nutritional supplements (ONS) or tube feeding (TF) enables nutritional intake to be maintained or increased when normal oral intake is inadequate. Abbreviations: EN, enteral nutrition. EN is used as a general term to include both ONS and tube feeding. When either of these modalities is being discussed separately this is specified in the text. Normal food/normal nutrition: normal diet as offered by the catering system of a hospital including special diets; PEG, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, RCT, randomized controlled trial $ For further information on methodology see Schu¨tz et al. 68 For further information on definition of terms see Lochs et al. 69 C3 Corresponding author. Tel.: +4930450553462; fax: +4930450553951. CCM, Berlin, Germany c The Heart Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark d Nutrition Clinique, Hopital Cantonal, Geneve, Switzerland e Section of Cardiology, Department of Biomedical and...

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